The world globalization is so dramatic label that every one identifies modern period from this label. Just as the Great Depression, the Cold War, the space Age the globalization describes the political economic and cultural atmosphere of today. Ed , Atlantic publishers and Distributors p Ltd. Posted by Mahendra Ghadoliya at PM. Labels: Business Environment. No comments:. Newer Post Older Post Home. There are many benefits of globalization, but the greatest one is that an effective globalization strategy will help you break into new markets which will inevitably increase traffic and customers.
Product description, categories, and reviews a localized to make consumers feel at home when navigating the sites. This includes removing and adding products. They offer customized content for almost every market they operate in. Their ads and recommendations are highly customized for each individual. The country trends are taken into account for sure. A product that can resonate with foreign markets without the need for a total redesign is considered internationalized.
Developing a well-rounded internationalization strategy is crucial to expanding to new markets. It also plays a significant role in the groundwork of a localization process. If you want to learn more about internationalization and localization, check our latest blog post , where we dig deeper into these two concepts.
Internationalization can include but is not limited to: creating space in user interfaces, making graphics with examples for documents, using tools that are able to give support to international character sets, and avoiding hard-coding the text in buttons. In short, internationalization is the act of preparing your concept, your product, your service, and tweaking every necessary item in your content to enter a new market.
The more adaptable your content is, the better your chances are of success in a new market. But, combining the two processes ensures content both resonates and scales in multiple regions. It is nowadays seen as a necessary step to take before going international. Locally successful concepts, products, and services often fail when they try to export without considering the local market. Virtually all institutions of higher education, public and private, are rapidly evolving into global actors, following a trend found in many other industries Naidoo, Unfortunately, the more frequently these terms are used, the more their meanings get mingled and confused Enders, There remain some fundamental differences between these terms, however, and clarifying those differences is an important first step in understanding how higher education institutions are evolving.
Despite being a popular buzz word in the mainstream media, the nature and significance of globalization has proven hard to pin down with enough precision to see how it is influencing policies or practices in higher education. Like globalization, internationalization is also a popular and frequently employed concept, used in varying contexts and for diverse purposes.
But the operational meaning of this term remains equally vague and unclear Knight, ; Stier ; Yang, Knight makes a helpful contribution toward distinguishing these two terms.
While we like the notion that internationalization is the active ingredient acting to express and reinforce globalization, we do have a minor quibble with Knight regarding his distinction.
As the Nielsen study indicates, internationalization can be, and probably should be, thought of as a leading variable, encouraging and facilitating globalization, not just a response variable describing how institutions respond to the presence of globalization in the spheres of economics, politics, culture and social interactions.
In the next few paragraphs we explore in greater depth the nature and dynamics of globalization. This analysis is followed by a synthesis of ideas about internationalization. From supertankers to supersonic aircraft, from superhighways to bullet trains, transportation advances have radically penetrated economic markets and breached cultural barriers, making access to material goods, social interactions and political relationships unimaginable two generations ago.
Transportation and communication technology innovations are no longer optional attributes to be used primarily by cultural or political elites. Ordinary citizens have nearly universal access to these technologies and are reaping substantial social, political, cultural and economic benefits.
Virtually all important social institutions, as well as entrepreneurs, intellectual, political and cultural leaders, ignore the global reach of ideas and material things now available to nearly everyone at their peril.
American economic dominance is being challenged as are the political ideas and cultural mores in all developed nations. Occupy movement the world has seen a dramatic melding of technological and cultural change on an unprecedented scale — made possible by technological change, but driven by an emerging global consciousness.
In recent literature the term is typically used either to characterize international spatial awareness or to highlight a transformation in the processes of interaction among individuals and groups. This notion is shared by many authors including Robertson, who was the first author to use it in the title of a sociological article in cited in Currie, Robertson defined globalization as a compacted world where time and space are compressed cited in Currie, ; see also Harvey, For these observers, the essence of globalization is found in new ways of thinking about space and time Carnoy, Geographical space becomes increasingly measured by the time it takes to get from one location to another.
As the time necessary to connect distinct geographical locations is reduced, distance or space undergoes psychological and cultural compression Tomlison, Entrepreneurial institutions of higher education seek to capitalize on the shrinking geography, while less entrepreneurial ones find themselves pressured to adapt and respond Carnoy, From this process view, globalization is defined as the practice of growing social interaction and connectivity among people around the world, creating economic, social, cultural, political, environmental, scientific and technological interdependence Levin, ; Marginson, Not surprisingly, taking the spatial orientation toward globalization focuses attention more on transportation technologies while the process view tends to give priority to innovations in communication.
One should not make too much of this distinction, however, since transportation innovations improve direct, face-to-face, communication while the virtually instant and increasingly high fidelity communications of the internet annihilate spatial barriers when information and idea sharing, rather than exchange of material goods, are the primary goals. Globalization in both its spatial and process dimensions has been happening to the world for a long time.
Only since the mid-twentieth century has its impact on the stability and viability of the modern system of nation-states become recognizable. Although de-colonialization is not yet complete, globalization and internationalization are shaking the foundations of the nation-state system of global political and economic organization.
Beerkens , p. He sees four challenges arising from globalization. Fourth, Beerkens , p. For our purposes in this chapter, this globalization of institutional forms can be applied directly to colleges and universities. While global processes are often seen as beyond the control of nation-states, the role of the state has remained key in the expression of social interests and representation of social groups or classes that benefit or suffer from public policy formation in response to globalization Shaw, ; Morrow, Torres, As the control of the economy is transferred from the public to the private sector which is broadly the main argument of the neo-liberal economic agenda, there has been a shift in the political platform of institutions Cohen, An example of this can be seen in many states having legal requirements that faculties reveal patentable findings of research to make certain that colleges and universities have the opportunity to review them for commercial possibility Chew, Another feature of globalization on institutional policies is the cross-national policy borrowing by institutions and forming international policies among institutions Lingard, From the social process transformation perspective, globalization is having a transformative effect on the core functions of institutions of higher education.
Economic globalization is also turning knowledge into a commodity; a commodity whose value depends on the ease and security with which it is created, stored and transferred from producers to users, as well on its utility in the production of other goods and services. As knowledge is being commodified, however, social, political and cultural globalization turn knowledge production and distribution into symbolic status and power resources with significant consequences.
Seeking the power and prestige of symbolic knowledge, higher education institutions are encouraged to pursue internationalization of recruitment faculty and students and to secure recognition for knowledge production. Importantly, the Nielsen study shows, however, that the faculty and administrators pursuing this internationalization remain largely unconscious of how this activity is reinforcing the very globalization forces that are reshaping their work force and productive processes.
Globalization in academy also constitutes of a wide variety of components including higher education institutions, the academic fields, scholars, and students as contributing factors. These components each hold a different position in the identification of globalization in higher education. The arrival of computer networks and systems, and the challenges they bring cannot be solved without international collaboration, such as adapting software usage around the world, the internet not having a single owner, overcrowding of the internet and selection of knowledge.
For example, a software developer in California needs to collaborate with researchers in India in order to have adaptable products. At the center of these challenges are current national and international policies. For example, while developing technology with collaborations among different nations, agreements can be made to protect intellectual property but enforcements may not be possible.
For example, the DVD copying is solved by having six different regions around the world. However, as digital technology advances and more and more information is online, controlling piracy again became an issue.
The way institutional policies are formed in the light of scientific and technological advancements reflect how the institutions respond to globalization. Jenkins, Technological and economic changes have an influence on social and cultural structures. Globalization has created a new social environment Kellner, It is a process which symbolizes a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and connections.
These connections can be evaluated in terms of their amplitude, strength, speed and impact generating global or local flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power Held et al. Chomsky refers to globalization as international integration Chomsky, This simple explanation can hold divergent worldviews socially and culturally.
For example, globalization can bring people who share certain beliefs, professions or causes together such as the professional cultures, Turkish pop music fans, holocaust survivors, Muslim extremists or human rights activists to form new forms of societies. At the same time, as the national communities get more pluralized, cultural and economic differences can form divisions among the people who share the same locality Cevre, ; Hannerz, Armstrong introduced a new conceptual framework through which to examine the impact of globalization on US higher education institutions.
His framing of the process of globalization in the international arena sees higher education institutions as hubs. Armstrong depicts a new model of institutions where students and faculty earn degrees from various international locales through global partnerships and satellite campuses thereby categorizing such institutions as non-traditional in the sense that they have no geographical borders.
In this sense, institutions branch out and become global as opposed to just exchanging people and scholars with a fixed location. They expand their concept of being global as having international students, curriculum and activities, and having study abroad programs to a different order of having programs overseas which rely a great deal on the partnerships between the people from different educational institutions around the world Armstrong, ; Scott, When exploring globalization especially in the academics, we see that research universities play a particular role with global competition and high number of international students.
Armstrong and Becker explain the high cost associated with supplying research, instruction and social environment for students in undergraduate, master, and doctoral programs serving mostly traditional students Traditional students are identified as the ones that study on campus. Education in these universities is seen as investment in the future of a private market economy. Altbach and Knight discuss the motivations of research institutions to participate in the global arena in a different light.
Both articles stress the point that the higher education institutions, particularly research institutions that participate in the global arena do so not only with the traditional ways of having international students and curricula, but also expanding to different locales in the world by branch campuses and online collaborations.
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