Children in the Lodz ghetto dig for fuel in an empty lot. A street scene in the Warsaw ghetto, early s. Six thousand inmates await disinfection in a Mauthausen courtyard, July After 24 hours of waiting, nearly had died. A member of Einsatzgruppe D prepares to shoot a Ukrainian Jew, who is forced to kneel before a mass grave full of other victims. Reinhard Heydrich oversaw the Einsatzgruppen killing squads.
He also convened the Wannsee conference in January to discuss implementation of the Final Solution. A portrait of two-year-old Mania Halef, a Jewish child who was later killed in the mass execution at Babi Yar. A mother and her two children wait with a large group of Jews from Lubny, Ukraine, whom the Nazis have assembled for mass execution, October 16, Jews from the Lodz ghetto board trains for the death camp at Chelmno.
Human bones lie in piles before the crematoria at Majdanek extermination camp. A young Dutch girl, part of a transport of Dutch Jews, arrives at Theresienstadt. Bales of hair cut from female prisoners, discovered at Auschwitz following its liberation in January A German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution of Jews from the Mizocz ghetto, Poland, October 14, The Battle for Monte Cassino was over.
Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba escaped from Auschwitz. They wrote a detailed eyewitness report on the camp and the fate of the Jews. The document was translated and passed on to the West in May Following the German occupation of Hungary, the first deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz began.
Within the following two months, approximately , Hungarian Jews were deported. The Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy. The Battle of Normandy began, signalling the first phase of the liberation of Europe. A group of German military officers attempted to assassinate Hitler using a bomb in a briefcase. Hitler survived and the conspirators were executed. Having learned that the SS planned to liquidate them, members of the Sonderkommando started an armed rebellion.
They managed to blow up a crematorium with smuggled gunpowder, but ultimately, the revolt was crushed. Due to the approaching Soviet Army, 58, prisoners of Auschwitz were forced on marches to the concentration and labour camps in central Germany. These marches became known as death marches. At the Potsdam Conference, both Germany and Berlin were partitioned into four zones of occupation. The US army dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima at 8.
Thousands more died of their injuries and radiation sickness. Following a second atomic bomb, Japan announced its surrender in a radio address by Emperor Hirohito. The trials of 22 top-level Nazi war criminals began at Nuremberg. They were tried for crimes against humanity and war crimes by a court of Allied judges.
Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death. What was the Holocaust? Life before the Holocaust Antisemitism How did the Nazis rise to power? Life in Nazi-controlled Europe What were the ghettos and camps?
How and why did the Holocaust happen? Resistance, responses and collaboration Survival and legacy Resources Educational Resources Timeline Survivor testimonies About us How to use this site. Events in the History of the Holocaust. Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler appointed as chancellor.
The Reichstag Fire. Dachau is established The first Nazi concentration camp was established in Dachau. The Enabling Act is passed The Enabling Act was passed in the Reichstag, granting the government dictatorial powers for four years. Boycott of Jewish businesses. Book Burnings. The Sterilisation Law is passed.
Concordat with the Vatican. The Editorship Law is passed. The Night of the Long Knives. The death of Hindenburg. Revision of Paragraph Paragraph of the German Criminal Code was revised to impose stricter penalties on any sexual contact between men, increasing the number of convictions by ten. The Nuremberg Laws are passed. Reoccupation of the Rhineland The German army reoccupied the Rhineland. German invasion of Austria and Anschluss. The German Army invaded and annexed Austria. Jan 26 German-Polish non-aggression pact Germany and Poland sign a year non-aggression pact stating that neither will use force in orde In an attempt Mar 16 Military conscription in Germany begins In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler enacts a new law which entitles Germany to have Refusing to be drafted or May 31 Jewish people are no longer allowed to serve in the German armed forces Contrary to the March 16 directive that service in the German army is compulsory, Jews are no lon Sep 1 Paragraph of the Criminal Code is amended to criminalize homosexuality Paragraph of the Criminal Code prohibiting homosexuality, originally from , is amended to The laws, the Reich Citizenship Law and the La Nov 14 Nuremberg Laws are expanded to include Roma and other groups Nuremberg Laws are expanded to include Roma and other groups.
The first supplemental decree of th In the first three years of Nazi rule, Italy and Germany avoided an alliance despite their ideolo Jul 19 Buchenwald concentration camp is established in Germany One of the largest concentration camps in Germany is established.
The initial in Apr 4 Homosexual men sent to concentration camps On this day, a directive is issued from Gestapo declaring that men convicted under Paragraph Jun 14 Jewish businesses have to register as Jewish If an owner or partner in a business is defined as a Jew under the Nuremberg Laws, the company is This new set of anti-Jewish regulations restricts Jews from working in many different fields, suc Aug 17 Compulsory middle names for Jews in Germany are required in order to identify th Oct 28 17, Polish-born Jews are expelled from Germany to Poland; most are interned i The German authorities begin to carry out the brutal eviction of Jews with Polish citizenship—t Nov 9 Kristallnacht Pogrom During the night of November 9, , and continuing into the following day, there is a nationwid Nov 12 Nazi leaders enact new laws to economically remove Jews from society After the Kristallnacht Pogrom, German leaders take measures to economically remove Jews Nov 15 Jewish children are banned from public schools Even before this official ban, most Jewish students had switched from public schools to Jewish sc Dec 2 First Kindertransport arrives in Great Britain With an easing of immigration restrictions for certain categories of Jewish refugees after the Kr This area becomes par Mar 28 The civil war in Spain ends General Franco and his Nationalist forces win the three-year civil war and establish a fascist go Jun 6 The MS St.
Louis , a ship with Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cu Toward the end of the s, forcing Jews to leave Germany became an explicit objective of Nazi p The German Wehrmacht the unified armed fo France and Britain demand that Germany immediately withdraw from Poland. When Hitler accuses Brit Sep 21 Establishment of Jewish councils and the concentration of Jews into the larger c Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Nazi Security Police, sends a directive to the heads of the opera Sep 28 Poland is divided between Germany and the Soviet Union Within a few weeks, the German army defeats the Polish army and divide the country into three reg Oct 8 The first ghetto is established in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland The Piotrkow ghetto is the first known ghetto to be formed in occupied Poland.
The town is taken Dec 2 The Nazis initiate use of gas vans to eliminate German patients with mental disa In October , the Nazis had begun to murder primarily mentally ill patients, patients with her Jan 24 Jewish property in the Generalgouvernement is registered All large Polish and Jewish-owned businesses in the Generalgouvernement are placed under Although the onslaught takes Apr 30 The Lodz ghetto is sealed A large, hermetically sealed ghetto is established in the Polish city of Lodz in spring Germany invades Belgium and the Netherlands in order to threaten France.
Belgium counterattacks f By June 14, the [i]Wehrmacht Jun 14 The deportation of Polish political prisoners to Auschwitz concentration camp be Also on June 14, , the first prisoners arrive at the new concentration camp of Auschwitz I, e Jul 10 The Vichy France government is formed France is divided into two main areas: a German-occupied zone including Paris and an unoccupied Nov 15 The Warsaw ghetto is sealed The largest ghetto in Poland is established in the heart of the Jewish quarter of Warsaw, where n Mar 20 The Krakow ghetto in Poland is sealed Krakow, a southern Polish city and the capital of the Generalgouvernement, saw its Jewish populat Several thousand civilians in Belgr Apr 24 The Lublin ghetto is sealed In the spring of , the Germans order the establishment of a ghetto in Lublin, Poland.
In prep Jun 23 The Einsatzgruppen begin mass killings in the Soviet Union The day after the invasion of the Soviet Union begins, four special killing squads Einsatzgruppe Jun 30 Germany occupies Lvov, Poland; 4, Jews are killed Before the , Jews of Lvov are subjected to the policies of systematic mass murder that will Bessarabia a region in Eastern Europe that today covers parts of Moldava and Ukraine that had ea Ponary, a forest located 6.
Jul 24 The Kishinev Moldova ghetto is established Over the course of the next two months, more than 2, Jews in the city of Kishinev are murdered Sep 3 The first experimental gassings are conducted at Auschwitz The first experimental gassings are conducted on sick prisoners and Russian POWs.
Gas chambers in Sep 8 The siege of Leningrad Russia begins With the Finnish army blocking the north and the German forces surrounding the city to the south Sep 15 Romanian authorities deport , Jews to Transnistria; approximately 90, d Soon after Germany gives the newly-conquered Transnistria region to its ally, Romania, the Romani Sep 19 German Jews are ordered to wear the Jewish Badge All Jews aged six and over in the Third Reich are ordered to wear a yellow badge, referred to as After fierce fighting, German forces captured Kiev, Ukraine, on September In house-to-house c Oct 1 The first transport of prisoners of war reaches Majdanek Poland exterminatio Between October and July , some , people will be incarcerated at Majdanek concentr Oct 28 Germans murder thousands of Kovno Lithuania Jews After the German occupation began in late June, thousands of Jews were transferred to locations o Along with Jews, they will be amon Nov 24 A ghetto is established in Theresienstadt, near Prague former Czechoslovakia In order to concentrate the Jewish populations from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia both Over the next nine days, some 38, Jews are executed at Rumbula also called Rumbali , a woodsy After nearly a decade of worsening political tensions between the two countries, Japan launches a Dec 8 Killing operations begin at Chelmno Poland extermination camp Gassings at Chelmno, the first Nazi extermination camp, begin on this date.
Chelmno is the first Dec 31 The Jewish underground in Vilna issues a partisan manifesto calling for resistan Following the German occupation of Vilna in June of and a wave of murder operations that res Jan 16 Germans begin deportation of Jews from Lodz to Chelmno Amidst much terror, the first Jews from the Lodz ghetto are deported and sent to the gas vans of Jan 21 The Jewish military underground is established in Vilna At the end of , after nearly two-thirds of the Jews of Vilna had been murdered, Zionist youth Mar 17 Belzec extermination camp begins functioning After the main installations of the Belzec extermination camp are constructed and tested, the pro May 3 The first mass killing of Jews in Sobibor extermination camp occurs Sobibor, an extermination camp named for the village of Sobibor nearby, is located in the Lublin Jun 22 Auschwitz-Birkenau receives the first deportation of Jews from Drancy transit ca For the Jul 22 The mass deportation from the Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka extermination camp begi The Germans round up residents of the ghetto by force, hunting for those who hide and killing tho Aug 8 The US receives information on a plan to annihilate Jews but delays publication As the Russi Jan 18 Jews launch an armed resistance to deportations from the Warsaw ghetto German forces enter the Warsaw ghetto to arrest and deport Jews.
To their astonishment, young Je Feb 2 The German army surrenders at Stalingrad After six and a half months of fighting, the remains of the German force sent to take Stalingrad Organized in the form of a family camp, Aug 2 The uprising at Treblinka begins An underground resistance that had coalesced at the Treblinka extermination camp begins an uprisi Sep 23 The Vilna ghetto is liquidated As a result of the uprising that took place on September 1, the Germans launch a liquidation of t Oct 1 Danish Jews are rescued When reports regarding the planned deportation of Danish Jews are leaked, the information evokes Oct 14 The uprising at Sobibor begins In summer , Jewish prisoners organized an underground group, led by Leon Feldhendler.
Their p However, after Roosevelt condemns the Nazis and their accomplices for the Apr 16 Hungarian government registers Jews and confiscates their property In cooperation with the Nazis, Hungarian authorities isolate Jewish populations, restricting thei Aug 7 The liquidation of the Lodz ghetto begins The Germans commence the liquidation of the last ghetto in Eastern Europe, deporting the 74, J Oct 7 The Sonderkommando uprising at Auschwitz-Birkenau occurs The Sonderkommando was a special unit of Jewish forced laborers that worked in the extermination Nov 25 Himmler orders gassings to stop at Auschwitz-Birkenau The last gassings in Auschwitz take place in early November.
Shortly afterwards, the gassings are Jan 27 The Soviets liberate Auschwitz-Birkenau Owing to the death marches which began on January 17, soldiers find only 7, barely living pri Eisenhower, liberates tens of thousands of p He is succe Apr 15 British forces liberate Bergen-Belsen concentration camp The British soldiers are horror-stricken at what they find upon liberation.
Although some 60, Soon thereafter, rescued fro The Soviets, having arrived fir General Alfred Jod Aug 6 The United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The first atomic bomb ever used against a civilian population is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on JAN Jews launch an armed resistance to deportations from the Warsaw ghetto Learn More.
Jews launch an armed resistance to deportations from the Warsaw ghetto. Learn More. APR 1. The Nazis declare a boycott of all Jewish businesses in Germany. FEB Reichstag arson leads to state of emergency Learn More. Reichstag arson leads to state of emergency. The Lodz ghetto is sealed Learn More. APR The Lodz ghetto is sealed. JUL United States army liberates Buchenwald Learn More. United States army liberates Buchenwald.
Designed as a resource for students, this timeline chronicles key dates in the history of the Holocaust from Click on specific events to deepen your learning with additional information and primary source materials.
Teachers can click the icon in the upper-right corner to find resources that can support classroom instruction. Let's Get Started! January 30 Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany. February 27 March 5 Reichstag elections: the Nazis gain 44 percent of the vote. MAR 5. March 22 First concentration camp is established in Dachau, Germany.
MAR March 24 The Nazis sponsor the Enabling Act. April 1 April 7 Civil Service Reform — Jews are barred from working in the civil service and are stripped of their equal rights. APR 7. April 25 School quota system limits the number of Jewish high school and university students in Germany. May 6 Persecution of Jewish homosexual advocate and researcher, Magnus Hirschfeld. MAY 6. May 10 The Nazis burn thousands of anti-Nazi, Jewish-authored, and other books.
MAY July 14 Forced sterilization of German citizens with congenital disabilities begins. Germany is proclaimed a one-party state.
October 14 Germany quits League of Nations and disarmament talks. OCT November 12 The Nazi Party gets 92 percent of the vote in one-party elections. NOV January 26 German-Polish non-aggression pact. June 30 JUN August 2
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