Replication dynamics of the yeast genome. Science , — Wyrick, J. Xu, W. BMC Genomics 7 , Eaton, M. Conserved nucleosome positioning defines replication origins.
Segurado, M. EMBO Rep. Dai, J. DNA replication origins in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. USA , — Heichinger, C. Genome-wide characterization of fission yeast DNA replication origins. Okuno, Y. Hayashi, M. Genome-wide localization of pre-RC sites and identification of replication origins in fission yeast. Schepers, A. Why are we where we are? Understanding replication origins and initiation sites in eukaryotes using ChIP-approaches.
Chromosome Res. MacAlpine, H. Drosophila ORC localizes to open chromatin and marks sites of cohesin complex loading. Genome Res. Laskey, R. Replication origins in the eukaryotic chromosome. Cell 24 , — Mechali, M. Lack of specific sequence requirement for DNA replication in Xenopus eggs compared with high sequence specificity in yeast. Cell 38 , 55—64 Stanojcic, S.
Hyrien, O. Chromosomal replication initiates and terminates at random sequences but at regular intervals in the ribosomal DNA of Xenopus early embryos. Nishiyama, T. Rac p21 is involved in insulin-induced membrane ruffling and Rho p21 is involved in hepatocyte growth factor- and O-tetradecanoylphorbolacetate TPA -induced membrane ruffling in KB cells. Transition in specification of embryonic metazoan DNA replication origins. This study shows that a transition from non-specific to specific locations of DNA replication origins occurs during development in X.
Cadoret, J. Genome-wide studies highlight indirect links between human replication origins and gene regulation. Thefirst genome-wide study of human DNA replication origins. Sequeira-Mendes, J. Transcription initiation activity sets replication origin efficiency in mammalian cells. PLoS Genet.
Delgado, S. Gomez, M. Heterochromatin on the inactive X chromosome delays replication timing without affecting origin usage. Cohen, S.
Same origins of DNA replication function on the active and inactive human X chromosomes. Cell Biochem. Touchon, M. Replication-associated strand asymmetries in mammalian genomes: toward detection of replication origins.
Necsulea, A. The relationship between DNA replication and human genome organization. Gilbert, D. Replication origin plasticity, Taylor-made: inhibition vs recruitment of origins under conditions of replication stress.
Chromosoma , — Friedman, K. Replication profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI. Genes Cells 2 , — Lebofsky, R. DNA replication origin interference increases the spacing between initiation events in human cells.
Cell 17 , — Hamlin, J. A revisionist replicon model for higher eukaryotic genomes. Pasero, P. Single-molecule analysis reveals clustering and epigenetic regulation of replication origins at the yeast rDNA locus. Mesner, L. The dihydrofolate reductase origin of replication does not contain any nonredundant genetic elements required for origin activity. Kalejta, R. Cell 2 , — Eukaryotic DNA replication: anatomy of an origin.
Li, F. Spatial distribution and specification of mammalian replication origins during G1 phase. Jackson, D. Replicon clusters are stable units of chromosome structure: evidence that nuclear organization contributes to the efficient activation and propagation of S phase in human cells. Takebayashi, S. Mapping sites where replication initiates in mammalian cells using DNA fibers. Cell Res. Overreplication of short DNA regions during S phase in human cells.
Patel, P. The Hsk1 Cdc7 replication kinase regulates origin efficiency. Cell 19 , — Krasinska, L. Cdk1 and Cdk2 activity levels determine the efficiency of replication origin firing in Xenopus. Wu, P. Establishing the program of origin firing during S phase in fission Yeast.
Cell , — Wu, J. This study unravels a major event occurring during G1 that enables the localization of replication origins to be specified. Lemaitre, J. Mitotic remodeling of the replicon and chromosome structure.
Cell , 1—15 Shows that mitosis has a big influence on the organization of the genome for DNA replication, allowing the remodelling of chromosome structure and DNA replication origin spacing of differentiated adult nuclei, in a reaction that is topoisomerase II-dependent. Abdurashidova, G. Functional interactions of DNA topoisomerases with a human replication origin. Courbet, S. Replication fork movement sets chromatin loop size and origin choice in mammalian cells.
Shows the effect of growth conditions on the loop size and localization of DNA replication origins. Dimitrova, D. The spatial position and replication timing of chromosomal domains are both established in early G1 phase. Cell 4 , — Hiratani, I. The single characteristic that is both necessary and sufficient to define an organism as a eukaryote is a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores.
In contrast, prokaryotic DNA is not contained within a nucleus, but rather is attached to the plasma membrane and contained in the form of a nucleoid, an irregularly-shaped region that is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic DNA is packed into bundles of chromosomes, each consisting of a linear DNA molecule coiled around basic alkaline proteins called histones, which wind the DNA into a more compact form.
Prokaryotic DNA is found in circular, non-chromosomal form. In addition, prokaryotes have plasmids, which are smaller pieces of circular DNA that can replicate separately from prokaryotic genomic DNA.
The key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles , whereas prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
In eukaryotic cells, all the chromosomes are contained within the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the chromosome is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid, which lacks a membrane. One interesting implication of this difference in the location of eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is that transcription and translation—the processes of creating an RNA molecule and using that molecule to synthesize a protein—can occur simultaneously in prokaryotes. This is possible because prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane, so transcription and translation occur in the same region.
As the RNA is being transcribed, ribosomes can begin the translation process of stringing together amino acids. In contrast, in eukaryotic cells, transcription always occurs first, and it takes place within the nucleus.
The RNA molecule needs to undergo editing before it leaves the nucleus. Then, translation is conducted by a ribosome in the cytoplasm. In general, eukaryotic cells contain a lot more genetic material than prokaryotic cells. For example, each human cell has around 2m, or 3 billion base pairs, of DNA that must be compacted to fit within the nucleus. Li, V. Liu, L. Identification of a fourth subunit of mammalian DNA polymerase delta. Loeb, L. DNA polymerases and human disease.
Makarova, K. Evolution of replicative DNA polymerases in archaea and their contributions to the eukaryotic replication machinery. Front Microbiol. Mcculloch, S. The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases. Cell Res. Netz, D. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases require an iron-sulfur cluster for the formation of active complexes.
Nick Mcelhinny, S. Division of labor at the eukaryotic replication fork. Cell 30, — Patel, P. Getting a grip on how DNA polymerases function. Pavlov, Y. Roles of DNA polymerases in replication, repair, and recombination in eukaryotes.
DNA polymerases at the eukaryotic fork years later. Pellegrini, L. The Pol alpha-primase complex. Perera, R. Elife 2, e Petrov, V. Prindle, M. A substitution in the fingers domain of DNA polymerase delta reduces fidelity by altering nucleotide discrimination in the catalytic site. Pursell, Z. Science , — Reha-Krantz, L. Amino acid changes coded by bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase mutator mutants. Relating structure to function. Sanchez Garcia, J. The C-terminal zinc finger of the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase delta is responsible for direct interaction with the B-subunit.
Schmitt, M. High fidelity and lesion bypass capability of human DNA polymerase delta. Biochimie 91, — Seeman, N. Sequence-specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins.
Sharma, S. Steitz, T. DNA polymerases: structural diversity and common mechanisms. Stocki, S. Swan, M. Tahirov, T. Structure and function of eukaryotic DNA polymerase delta.
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