Why splicing of rna

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The Beyond. Plant ChemCast. Postcards from the Universe. Brain Metrics. Mind Read. Eyes on Environment. Accumulating Glitches. Saltwater Science. RNA is the key functional component of spliceosomes, molecular machines that control how genes are expressed, report scientists from the University of Chicago online, Nov. The discovery establishes that RNA, not protein, is responsible for catalyzing this fundamental biological process and enriches the hypothesis that life on earth began in a world based solely on RNA.

For genes to be expressed, DNA must be translated into proteins, the structural and functional molecules that catalyze chemical reactions necessary for life. In eukaryotes, almost all genes undergo alternative splicing, in which a precursor form of mRNA is cut and re-stitched together in numerous different combinations.

This significantly increases the number of proteins a single gene codes for, and is thought to explain much of the complexity in higher-order organisms. Splicing is a critical biological mechanism -- at least 15 percent of all human diseases are due to splicing errors, for example. Spliceosomes, made from proteins and short, noncoding RNA fragments, carry out splicing via catalysis, which in biological processes is usually attributed to protein-based enzymes. However, previous research has hinted that RNA in the spliceosome might be responsible.

Despite decades of study, this question has thus far remained unanswered. To address this, Staley and Joseph Piccirilli, PhD, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology and chemistry at the University of Chicago, partnered with graduate students Sebastian Fica and Nicole Tuttle, co-lead authors on the study. The researchers first disabled the ability of the spliceosome to self-correct errors in splicing.

In some genes the protein-coding sections of the DNA "exons" are interrupted by non-coding regions "introns". RNA splicing removes the introns from pre mRNA to produce the final set of instructions for the protein. This editing process is called splicing, which involves removing the introns, leaving only the yellow, protein-coding regions, called exons. These splicing factors act as beacons to guide small nuclear ribo proteins to form a splicing machine, called the spliceosome.

The animation is showing this happening in real time. The spliceosome then brings the exons on either side of the intron very close together, ready to be cut.